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windows networking

protocols

There are two types of networking on a windows machine: client for microsoft windows (also called NETBIOS) and TCP/IP.

be sure to know the difference between "Client for Microsoft Networks" and "TCP/IP" which has the property of the ip address. The easiest to configure is the microsoft one, where your computer has a name, domain, and workgroup.

the other one depends on the TCP/IP properties of the ethernet adapter in question.

It is difficult to separate questions of protocols from those of name resolution , especially concerning dns, so it's all in the protocol section.

NETBIOS (client for microsoft networks)

You can set the computer name and the workgroup by doing: my computer -> right-click -> properties.

make sure that in your properties box for "my computer" that you logon as "Client for Microsoft Networks"

TCP/IP (ip addressing)

    assigning a TCP/IP number through network neighborhood: by default, network neighborhood has the following three entries:
  1. make a new connection
  2. Local Area Connection: right-click on "LAN Connection" -> Properties - Advanced button
    allows selecton of IP address here
  3. WAN Connection

Note that so long as your machine is not connected to the internet (not registerd with the NIC in any case) you can be really cool by using some of the addresses which have been set aside for your machine. For example, 192.168.0.x is the address to use as this address is reserved for intranets not accessible over the internet. So my machines that are not connected to the internet are: 192.168.0.1 (hostname = hp) and 192.168.0.2 (hostname = laptop) etc.

make sure that the tcp/ip connection allows the binding (accessed via selecting Network Neighborhood -> right-click on Network Neighborhood -> properties -> select "tcp/ip -> ethernet" -> click the "properties" button -> select the "bindings" tab (there are 8 tabs) -> ensure that "File and printer sharing for Microsoft Networks" is selected with a checkmark.

the hosts file

hosts file: used to list every other host you might want to communicate with outside your local network

this is for name resolution only: all else is handled by routing

The hosts file is found in winnt\system32\drivers\etc\hosts

in Unix this file is /etc/hosts

an alternative to these files is the default gateway

ntfs_permissions

the following details changes in the above for a win2k OS.

Accessing with the above bold items still leaves the issue of a password; whenever I try to access the share on the win2k machine (yes, sharing was set up because it is being held out by a hand in Explorer) I get the following problems:

  1. it asks for a password. How can I set the password? There was a panel somewhere which gives the option of how to share the share. Was it during the initial setup?
  2. is says "\\toshiba is not accessible. No permission to access resource."

the following section was copied from above and modified while trying to fix that problem.

  • control/panel -> users/passwords ->check the box which makes it so that users on that machine do not need log/on with password
    • of course, you must have pre-selected the guest account before you use this feature
    • you will be prompted for the default password so that guests will not need it to logon

    will apply to logging onto the machine, will not change settings on the share.

    remember, the default is to give "Full Control" to all users. So, after logging onto machine as guest, in theory, one should be able to manipulate the share same as the Administrator.

  • control/panel -> "Administrative Tools" -> "Local Security Policy" -> "IP Security Policy on Local Machine" -> in right-pane "Client" becomes visible -> a dead end
  • control/panel -> "Administrative Tools" -> "Local Security Policy" ->User Rights Assignment -> "Access this computer from network"
    • added "Anonymous logon" to the hash of users and their permissions
  • control/panel -> "Administrative Tools" -> "Computer Management" -> shared folders ->
    • says cannot change permissions on IPC$ (which forbids accessing anything on machine) because it's set administratively

    Because all this did not solve the problem, I suspect the problem is that

      the two types of permissions on an NTFS systems:
    1. local/drive permissions
    2. NTFS access permissions
    We must be concerned with the first, because we are not on an NTFS partition.

    creation of a network share

    independent of being on a win98 or win2k machine, the process of creating a share is similar though the properties and the set-up of the sharing of that share differ.

    to create a share you must be logged on as a member of the Administrators, Server Operators, or Power Users group. The Server Operators group does not exist on Windows 2000 Professional, only on 2000 Server.

    a hidden share is created automatically. They are visible as a $directory_name (that's dollar sign followed by the directory name).

    You can connect to a hidden share, but only if you provide a user account with administrative privileges along with the appropriate password for the user account.

    1. explorer -> select drive/folder to share -> right-click -> properties
      • permission settings for "EVERYONE" and whoever you choose to add
      • share name

    for internet sharing, see configuration.htm under IIS directory

    mapping a network drive

      to "map a network drive" means to "create a shortcut to a share on another computer by giving that share a drive letter as if it were on your own machine"
    1. "My Network Places" on desktop -> right/click -> map network drive

    win98

    profiles

    system.dat: held in the windows home directory, this file stores information about the hardware and software on the computer
    user.dat: the user profile. found in \windows\profiles directory (win9x). This is the file created at first logon.
    user.man: makes a profile mandatory for all users

    DHCP

    implementing DHCP on a network will require implementing a dynamic DNS server as well.

      files:
    • /etc/dhcpd.conf - the conf file
    • /etc/dhcpd.leases
    • /etc/dhcpd.pid - the pid file

    Install the dhcp server from rpm dhcp-2.ob1p16-6.i386.rpm. Then edit it's conf file. Change the "server-identifier" to the server name. The following is an example of how to configure another part of dhcpd.conf:

    subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { range 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.126; option broadcast address 192.168.1.255; }
    then execute touch /etc/dhcpd.leases. And, to start and stop the service, /etc/rc.d/init.d/dhcp start.

    Then it is possible to use the dhcp on all network configurations for the windows and linux machines, both, if the changes talked about are made to smb.conf

    routing generally

      there are 3 types of routing:
    1. minimal routing: all hosts have the same netmask, and no external connections are required.
      minimal routing still requires route tables
      Making a routing table with microsoft is like using the route command.

      See static routing for a brief HOWTO.

    2. static routes
    3. dynamic routes: dynamic routing tables are written from the information exchanged by the routing protocols

    static routing

      the problem is that we have one thing....
    • for the ethernet card
    • and another thing for the connection (Local Area Connection is the default name, and it's an icon found in Start -> Settings -> ControlPanel -> Network -> LocalAreaConnection).

      This presents a windows GUI .... be used, presumably, that statment references ... there is room for adding ip addresses in the advanced button for the properties (right-click) on your connection which is-to-be-edited.... perhaps this is adding entries to the routing table??

    how do we associate a connection with the ethernet card? for example, in linux, this step is performed with /sbin/route add -net 192.168.0.4 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev eth0

    and in windows the corresponding code is right-clicking 'network neighborhood' and selecting properties (win2k) or somewhere else in the control panel for other guis.

      options to the route command:
    • add:
    • print: prints the table

    route add -net default gw 192.168.0.2

    route del default

    route add 192.168.4.0 mask 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1

    note that by default in the LocalAreaConnection box the ethernet adapter was selected. The problem of having two ethernet adapters we will leave until we have them. However, it is believable that another LocalAreaConnection will be created and MS will rename it LocalAreaConnection(2).

    network utilities

    • network utilities => finger, ftp, lpr, telnet, etc.

    telnet

    %telnet localhost.localdomain 80
Trying 127.0.0.1..
Connected to localhost.localdomain(127.0.0.1).
Escape character is '^]'
GET /www/hp3/book.htm HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost

...prints out document with HTTP headers

    PPP

    requires a ppp client and server

    command to check pppd client configuation:

    network diagnostic tools

    • netstat
      netstat -rn displays the routing table
      netstat --inet shows all open connections from client/present computer
    • route
    • nslookup
      uses the set command
    • net
      net use
      net use in windows 9x:
          net use [drive: | *] [\\computer\directory [password | ?]]
      net view /? (the last part -- the slash and the question mark) will show help to stdout
      net view displays a list of computers which share resources and their resources
      net view in windows 9x:
          net view [\\computer\directory [/YES]
          net view [/WORKGROUP:wgname] [/YES]
    • ARP
    • hostname
    • ipconfig - e.g. ipconfig /all
      do not confuse with linux ifconfig
    • NBstat
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